Packed Data¶ ↑
Certain Ruby core methods deal with packing and unpacking data:
-
Method
Array#pack: Formats each element in arrayselfinto a binary string; returns that string. -
Method
String#unpack: Extracts data from stringself, forming objects that become the elements of a new array; returns that array. -
Method
String#unpack1: Does the same, but unpacks and returns only the first extracted object.
Each of these methods accepts a string template, consisting of zero or more directive characters, each followed by zero or more modifier characters.
Examples (directive 'C' specifies ‘unsigned character’):
[65].pack('C') # => "A" # One element, one directive. [65, 66].pack('CC') # => "AB" # Two elements, two directives. [65, 66].pack('C') # => "A" # Extra element is ignored. [65].pack('') # => "" # No directives. [65].pack('CC') # Extra directive raises ArgumentError. 'A'.unpack('C') # => [65] # One character, one directive. 'AB'.unpack('CC') # => [65, 66] # Two characters, two directives. 'AB'.unpack('C') # => [65] # Extra character is ignored. 'A'.unpack('CC') # => [65, nil] # Extra directive generates nil. 'AB'.unpack('') # => [] # No directives.
The string template may contain any mixture of valid directives (directive 'c' specifies ‘signed character’):
[65, -1].pack('cC') # => "A\xFF" "A\xFF".unpack('cC') # => [65, 255]
The string template may contain whitespace (which is ignored) and comments, each of which begins with character '#' and continues up to and including the next following newline:
[0,1].pack(" C #foo \n C ") # => "\x00\x01" "\0\1".unpack(" C #foo \n C ") # => [0, 1]
Any directive may be followed by either of these modifiers:
-
'*'- The directive is to be applied as many times as needed:[65, 66].pack('C*') # => "AB" 'AB'.unpack('C*') # => [65, 66]
-
Integercount- The directive is to be appliedcounttimes:[65, 66].pack('C2') # => "AB" [65, 66].pack('C3') # Raises ArgumentError. 'AB'.unpack('C2') # => [65, 66] 'AB'.unpack('C3') # => [65, 66, nil]
Note: Directives in
%w[A a Z m]usecountdifferently; see String Directives.
If elements don’t fit the provided directive, only least significant bits are encoded:
[257].pack("C").unpack("C") # => [1]
Packing Method¶ ↑
Method Array#pack accepts optional keyword argument buffer that specifies the target string (instead of a new string):
[65, 66].pack('C*', buffer: 'foo') # => "fooAB"
The method can accept a block:
# Packed string is passed to the block. [65, 66].pack('C*') {|s| p s } # => "AB"
Unpacking Methods¶ ↑
Methods String#unpack and String#unpack1 each accept an optional keyword argument offset that specifies an offset into the string:
'ABC'.unpack('C*', offset: 1) # => [66, 67] 'ABC'.unpack1('C*', offset: 1) # => 66
Both methods can accept a block:
# Each unpacked object is passed to the block. ret = [] "ABCD".unpack("C*") {|c| ret << c } ret # => [65, 66, 67, 68] # The single unpacked object is passed to the block. 'AB'.unpack1('C*') {|ele| p ele } # => 65
Integer Directives¶ ↑
Each integer directive specifies the packing or unpacking for one element in the input or output array.
8-Bit Integer Directives¶ ↑
-
'c'- 8-bit signed integer (like Csigned char):[0, 1, 255].pack('c*') # => "\x00\x01\xFF" s = [0, 1, -1].pack('c*') # => "\x00\x01\xFF" s.unpack('c*') # => [0, 1, -1]
-
'C'- 8-bit unsigned integer (like Cunsigned char):[0, 1, 255].pack('C*') # => "\x00\x01\xFF" s = [0, 1, -1].pack('C*') # => "\x00\x01\xFF" s.unpack('C*') # => [0, 1, 255]
16-Bit Integer Directives¶ ↑
-
's'- 16-bit signed integer, native-endian (like Cint16_t):[513, -514].pack('s*') # => "\x01\x02\xFE\xFD" s = [513, 65022].pack('s*') # => "\x01\x02\xFE\xFD" s.unpack('s*') # => [513, -514]
-
'S'- 16-bit unsigned integer, native-endian (like Cuint16_t):[513, -514].pack('S*') # => "\x01\x02\xFE\xFD" s = [513, 65022].pack('S*') # => "\x01\x02\xFE\xFD" s.unpack('S*') # => [513, 65022]
-
'n'- 16-bit network integer, big-endian:s = [0, 1, -1, 32767, -32768, 65535].pack('n*') # => "\x00\x00\x00\x01\xFF\xFF\x7F\xFF\x80\x00\xFF\xFF" s.unpack('n*') # => [0, 1, 65535, 32767, 32768, 65535]
-
'v'- 16-bit VAX integer, little-endian:s = [0, 1, -1, 32767, -32768, 65535].pack('v*') # => "\x00\x00\x01\x00\xFF\xFF\xFF\x7F\x00\x80\xFF\xFF" s.unpack('v*') # => [0, 1, 65535, 32767, 32768, 65535]
32-Bit Integer Directives¶ ↑
-
'l'- 32-bit signed integer, native-endian (like Cint32_t):s = [67305985, -50462977].pack('l*') # => "\x01\x02\x03\x04\xFF\xFE\xFD\xFC" s.unpack('l*') # => [67305985, -50462977]
-
'L'- 32-bit unsigned integer, native-endian (like Cuint32_t):s = [67305985, 4244504319].pack('L*') # => "\x01\x02\x03\x04\xFF\xFE\xFD\xFC" s.unpack('L*') # => [67305985, 4244504319]
-
'N'- 32-bit network integer, big-endian:s = [0,1,-1].pack('N*') # => "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF" s.unpack('N*') # => [0, 1, 4294967295]
-
'V'- 32-bit VAX integer, little-endian:s = [0,1,-1].pack('V*') # => "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF" s.unpack('v*') # => [0, 0, 1, 0, 65535, 65535]
64-Bit Integer Directives¶ ↑
-
'q'- 64-bit signed integer, native-endian (like Cint64_t):s = [578437695752307201, -506097522914230529].pack('q*') # => "\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\a\b\xFF\xFE\xFD\xFC\xFB\xFA\xF9\xF8" s.unpack('q*') # => [578437695752307201, -506097522914230529]
-
'Q'- 64-bit unsigned integer, native-endian (like Cuint64_t):s = [578437695752307201, 17940646550795321087].pack('Q*') # => "\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\a\b\xFF\xFE\xFD\xFC\xFB\xFA\xF9\xF8" s.unpack('Q*') # => [578437695752307201, 17940646550795321087]
Platform-Dependent Integer Directives¶ ↑
-
'i'- Platform-dependent width signed integer, native-endian (like Cint):s = [67305985, -50462977].pack('i*') # => "\x01\x02\x03\x04\xFF\xFE\xFD\xFC" s.unpack('i*') # => [67305985, -50462977]
-
'I'- Platform-dependent width unsigned integer, native-endian (like Cunsigned int):s = [67305985, -50462977].pack('I*') # => "\x01\x02\x03\x04\xFF\xFE\xFD\xFC" s.unpack('I*') # => [67305985, 4244504319]
Pointer Directives¶ ↑
-
'j'- 64-bit pointer-width signed integer, native-endian (like Cintptr_t):s = [67305985, -50462977].pack('j*') # => "\x01\x02\x03\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00\xFF\xFE\xFD\xFC\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF" s.unpack('j*') # => [67305985, -50462977]
-
'j'- 64-bit pointer-width unsigned integer, native-endian (like Cuintptr_t):s = [67305985, 4244504319].pack('J*') # => "\x01\x02\x03\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00\xFF\xFE\xFD\xFC\x00\x00\x00\x00" s.unpack('J*') # => [67305985, 4244504319]
Other Integer Directives¶ ↑
-
'U'- UTF-8 character:s = [4194304].pack('U*') # => "\xF8\x90\x80\x80\x80" s.unpack('U*') # => [4194304]
-
'w'- BER-encoded integer (see BER enocding):s = [1073741823].pack('w*') # => "\x83\xFF\xFF\xFF\x7F" s.unpack('w*') # => [1073741823]
Modifiers for Integer Directives¶ ↑
For directives in 'i', 'I', 's', 'S', 'l', 'L', 'q', 'Q', 'j', and 'J', these modifiers may be suffixed:
-
'!'or'_'- Underlying platform’s native size. -
'>'- Big-endian. -
'<'- Little-endian.
Float Directives¶ ↑
Each float directive specifies the packing or unpacking for one element in the input or output array.
Single-Precision Float Directives¶ ↑
-
'F'or'f'- Native format:s = [3.0].pack('F') # => "\x00\x00@@" s.unpack('F') # => [3.0]
-
'e'- Little-endian:s = [3.0].pack('e') # => "\x00\x00@@" s.unpack('e') # => [3.0]
-
'g'- Big-endian:s = [3.0].pack('g') # => "@@\x00\x00" s.unpack('g') # => [3.0]
Double-Precision Float Directives¶ ↑
-
'D'or'd'- Native format:s = [3.0].pack('D') # => "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\b@" s.unpack('D') # => [3.0]
-
'E'- Little-endian:s = [3.0].pack('E') # => "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\b@" s.unpack('E') # => [3.0]
-
'G'- Big-endian:s = [3.0].pack('G') # => "@\b\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" s.unpack('G') # => [3.0]
A float directive may be infinity or not-a-number:
inf = 1.0/0.0 # => Infinity [inf].pack('f') # => "\x00\x00\x80\x7F" "\x00\x00\x80\x7F".unpack('f') # => [Infinity] nan = inf/inf # => NaN [nan].pack('f') # => "\x00\x00\xC0\x7F" "\x00\x00\xC0\x7F".unpack('f') # => [NaN]
String Directives¶ ↑
Each string directive specifies the packing or unpacking for one byte in the input or output string.
Binary String Directives¶ ↑
-
'A'- Arbitrary binary string (space padded; count is width);nilis treated as the empty string:['foo'].pack('A') # => "f" ['foo'].pack('A*') # => "foo" ['foo'].pack('A2') # => "fo" ['foo'].pack('A4') # => "foo " [nil].pack('A') # => " " [nil].pack('A*') # => "" [nil].pack('A2') # => " " [nil].pack('A4') # => " " "foo\0".unpack('A') # => ["f"] "foo\0".unpack('A4') # => ["foo"] "foo\0bar".unpack('A10') # => ["foo\x00bar"] # Reads past "\0". "foo ".unpack('A') # => ["f"] "foo ".unpack('A4') # => ["foo"] "foo".unpack('A4') # => ["foo"] russian = "\u{442 435 441 442}" # => "тест" russian.size # => 4 russian.bytesize # => 8 [russian].pack('A') # => "\xD1" [russian].pack('A*') # => "\xD1\x82\xD0\xB5\xD1\x81\xD1\x82" russian.unpack('A') # => ["\xD1"] russian.unpack('A2') # => ["\xD1\x82"] russian.unpack('A4') # => ["\xD1\x82\xD0\xB5"] russian.unpack('A*') # => ["\xD1\x82\xD0\xB5\xD1\x81\xD1\x82"]
-
'a'- Arbitrary binary string (null padded; count is width):["foo"].pack('a') # => "f" ["foo"].pack('a*') # => "foo" ["foo"].pack('a2') # => "fo" ["foo\0"].pack('a4') # => "foo\x00" [nil].pack('a') # => "\x00" [nil].pack('a*') # => "" [nil].pack('a2') # => "\x00\x00" [nil].pack('a4') # => "\x00\x00\x00\x00" "foo\0".unpack('a') # => ["f"] "foo\0".unpack('a4') # => ["foo\x00"] "foo ".unpack('a4') # => ["foo "] "foo".unpack('a4') # => ["foo"] "foo\0bar".unpack('a4') # => ["foo\x00"] # Reads past "\0".
-
'Z'- Same as'a', except that null is added or ignored with'*':["foo"].pack('Z*') # => "foo\x00" [nil].pack('Z*') # => "\x00" "foo\0".unpack('Z*') # => ["foo"] "foo".unpack('Z*') # => ["foo"] "foo\0bar".unpack('Z*') # => ["foo"] # Does not read past "\0".
Bit String Directives¶ ↑
-
'B'- Bit string (high byte first):['11111111' + '00000000'].pack('B*') # => "\xFF\x00" ['10000000' + '01000000'].pack('B*') # => "\x80@" ['1'].pack('B0') # => "" ['1'].pack('B1') # => "\x80" ['1'].pack('B2') # => "\x80\x00" ['1'].pack('B3') # => "\x80\x00" ['1'].pack('B4') # => "\x80\x00\x00" ['1'].pack('B5') # => "\x80\x00\x00" ['1'].pack('B6') # => "\x80\x00\x00\x00" "\xff\x00".unpack("B*") # => ["1111111100000000"] "\x01\x02".unpack("B*") # => ["0000000100000010"] "".unpack("B0") # => [""] "\x80".unpack("B1") # => ["1"] "\x80".unpack("B2") # => ["10"] "\x80".unpack("B3") # => ["100"]
-
'b'- Bit string (low byte first):['11111111' + '00000000'].pack('b*') # => "\xFF\x00" ['10000000' + '01000000'].pack('b*') # => "\x01\x02" ['1'].pack('b0') # => "" ['1'].pack('b1') # => "\x01" ['1'].pack('b2') # => "\x01\x00" ['1'].pack('b3') # => "\x01\x00" ['1'].pack('b4') # => "\x01\x00\x00" ['1'].pack('b5') # => "\x01\x00\x00" ['1'].pack('b6') # => "\x01\x00\x00\x00" "\xff\x00".unpack("b*") # => ["1111111100000000"] "\x01\x02".unpack("b*") # => ["1000000001000000"] "".unpack("b0") # => [""] "\x01".unpack("b1") # => ["1"] "\x01".unpack("b2") # => ["10"] "\x01".unpack("b3") # => ["100"]
Hex String Directives¶ ↑
-
'H'- Hex string (high nibble first):['10ef'].pack('H*') # => "\x10\xEF" ['10ef'].pack('H0') # => "" ['10ef'].pack('H3') # => "\x10\xE0" ['10ef'].pack('H5') # => "\x10\xEF\x00" ['fff'].pack('H3') # => "\xFF\xF0" ['fff'].pack('H4') # => "\xFF\xF0" ['fff'].pack('H5') # => "\xFF\xF0\x00" ['fff'].pack('H6') # => "\xFF\xF0\x00" ['fff'].pack('H7') # => "\xFF\xF0\x00\x00" ['fff'].pack('H8') # => "\xFF\xF0\x00\x00" "\x10\xef".unpack('H*') # => ["10ef"] "\x10\xef".unpack('H0') # => [""] "\x10\xef".unpack('H1') # => ["1"] "\x10\xef".unpack('H2') # => ["10"] "\x10\xef".unpack('H3') # => ["10e"] "\x10\xef".unpack('H4') # => ["10ef"] "\x10\xef".unpack('H5') # => ["10ef"]
-
'h'- Hex string (low nibble first):['10ef'].pack('h*') # => "\x01\xFE" ['10ef'].pack('h0') # => "" ['10ef'].pack('h3') # => "\x01\x0E" ['10ef'].pack('h5') # => "\x01\xFE\x00" ['fff'].pack('h3') # => "\xFF\x0F" ['fff'].pack('h4') # => "\xFF\x0F" ['fff'].pack('h5') # => "\xFF\x0F\x00" ['fff'].pack('h6') # => "\xFF\x0F\x00" ['fff'].pack('h7') # => "\xFF\x0F\x00\x00" ['fff'].pack('h8') # => "\xFF\x0F\x00\x00" "\x01\xfe".unpack('h*') # => ["10ef"] "\x01\xfe".unpack('h0') # => [""] "\x01\xfe".unpack('h1') # => ["1"] "\x01\xfe".unpack('h2') # => ["10"] "\x01\xfe".unpack('h3') # => ["10e"] "\x01\xfe".unpack('h4') # => ["10ef"] "\x01\xfe".unpack('h5') # => ["10ef"]
Pointer String Directives¶ ↑
-
'P'- Pointer to a structure (fixed-length string):s = ['abc'].pack('P') # => "\xE0O\x7F\xE5\xA1\x01\x00\x00" s.unpack('P*') # => ["abc"] ".".unpack("P") # => [] ("\0" * 8).unpack("P") # => [nil] [nil].pack("P") # => "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
-
'p'- Pointer to a null-terminated string:s = ['abc'].pack('p') # => "(\xE4u\xE5\xA1\x01\x00\x00" s.unpack('p*') # => ["abc"] ".".unpack("p") # => [] ("\0" * 8).unpack("p") # => [nil] [nil].pack("p") # => "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
Other String Directives¶ ↑
-
'M'- Quoted printable, MIME encoding; text mode, but input must use LF and output LF; (see RFC 2045):["a b c\td \ne"].pack('M') # => "a b c\td =\n\ne=\n" ["\0"].pack('M') # => "=00=\n" ["a"*1023].pack('M') == ("a"*73+"=\n")*14+"a=\n" # => true ("a"*73+"=\na=\n").unpack('M') == ["a"*74] # => true (("a"*73+"=\n")*14+"a=\n").unpack('M') == ["a"*1023] # => true "a b c\td =\n\ne=\n".unpack('M') # => ["a b c\td \ne"] "=00=\n".unpack('M') # => ["\x00"] "pre=31=32=33after".unpack('M') # => ["pre123after"] "pre=\nafter".unpack('M') # => ["preafter"] "pre=\r\nafter".unpack('M') # => ["preafter"] "pre=".unpack('M') # => ["pre="] "pre=\r".unpack('M') # => ["pre=\r"] "pre=hoge".unpack('M') # => ["pre=hoge"] "pre==31after".unpack('M') # => ["pre==31after"] "pre===31after".unpack('M') # => ["pre===31after"]
-
'm'- Base64 encoded string; count specifies input bytes between each newline, rounded down to nearest multiple of 3; if count is zero, no newlines are added; (see RFC 4648):[""].pack('m') # => "" ["\0"].pack('m') # => "AA==\n" ["\0\0"].pack('m') # => "AAA=\n" ["\0\0\0"].pack('m') # => "AAAA\n" ["\377"].pack('m') # => "/w==\n" ["\377\377"].pack('m') # => "//8=\n" ["\377\377\377"].pack('m') # => "////\n" "".unpack('m') # => [""] "AA==\n".unpack('m') # => ["\x00"] "AAA=\n".unpack('m') # => ["\x00\x00"] "AAAA\n".unpack('m') # => ["\x00\x00\x00"] "/w==\n".unpack('m') # => ["\xFF"] "//8=\n".unpack('m') # => ["\xFF\xFF"] "////\n".unpack('m') # => ["\xFF\xFF\xFF"] "A\n".unpack('m') # => [""] "AA\n".unpack('m') # => ["\x00"] "AA=\n".unpack('m') # => ["\x00"] "AAA\n".unpack('m') # => ["\x00\x00"] [""].pack('m0') # => "" ["\0"].pack('m0') # => "AA==" ["\0\0"].pack('m0') # => "AAA=" ["\0\0\0"].pack('m0') # => "AAAA" ["\377"].pack('m0') # => "/w==" ["\377\377"].pack('m0') # => "//8=" ["\377\377\377"].pack('m0') # => "////" "".unpack('m0') # => [""] "AA==".unpack('m0') # => ["\x00"] "AAA=".unpack('m0') # => ["\x00\x00"] "AAAA".unpack('m0') # => ["\x00\x00\x00"] "/w==".unpack('m0') # => ["\xFF"] "//8=".unpack('m0') # => ["\xFF\xFF"] "////".unpack('m0') # => ["\xFF\xFF\xFF"]
-
'u'- UU-encoded string:[0].pack("U") # => "\u0000" [0x3fffffff].pack("U") # => "\xFC\xBF\xBF\xBF\xBF\xBF" [0x40000000].pack("U") # => "\xFD\x80\x80\x80\x80\x80" [0x7fffffff].pack("U") # => "\xFD\xBF\xBF\xBF\xBF\xBF"
Offset Directives¶ ↑
-
'@'- Begin packing at the given byte offset; for packing, null fill if necessary:[1, 2].pack("C@0C") # => "\x02" [1, 2].pack("C@1C") # => "\x01\x02" [1, 2].pack("C@5C") # => "\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02" "\x01\x00\x00\x02".unpack("C@3C") # => [1, 2] "\x00".unpack("@1C") # => [nil]
-
'X'- Back up a byte:[0, 1, 2].pack("CCXC") # => "\x00\x02" [0, 1, 2].pack("CCX2C") # => "\x02" "\x00\x02".unpack("CCXC") # => [0, 2, 2]
Null Byte Direcive¶ ↑
-
'x'- Null byte:[].pack("x0") # => "" [].pack("x") # => "\x00" [].pack("x8") # => "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" "\x00\x00\x02".unpack("CxC") # => [0, 2]